Perspectives Topic:

Risk Management

August 2, 2024

Bundled LDI – A Turnkey Approach for Small-to-midsize Corporate Pensions

Since the start of the pandemic in 2020, the average funded status of corporate pension plans has increased from 84% to 104% as of June 30, 2024.[1] As funded status improved, many plans de-risked by shifting assets from return-seeking to liability-hedging. Early in de-risking journeys, plans generally allocate liability hedging...

February 16, 2024

Time to Amend Your Plan’s Lump Sum Provisions?

The IRS recently issued final regulations[1] that address modifying “lookback months” and “stability periods” for plan provisions such as interest rates used to calculate benefits. The lookback month specifies the reference period for the applicable interest rate and the stability period refers to the length of time between resets. For...

Magician,Is,Casting,A,Magic,Spell,And,Get,Money,From

December 6, 2023

Multiemployer Magic — Using Tomorrow’s SFA Funding Today

Summary It is possible to use the assets you will have tomorrow with the assets you have today. The mechanics for determining Special Financial Assistance (SFA) amounts made a lock-in date of December 31, 2022, attractive based on fixed income yields that could be attained in the market at that...

October 9, 2023

Who Reaps the Benefit of Competitive PRT Pricing? A Simple Economic Model

Partial annuity buyout transactions (PRTs) inherently pit two groups of participants against one another – those in the transaction and those remaining within the plan. Fortunately, publicly available bond market data can help measure the potential harm to each group. This paper uses these data and standard bond math techniques...

June 16, 2023

Liquidity Refinements to Potential Economic Loss to Beneficiaries (ELB) in PRTs

In a recent Perspectives post, “Pension Risk Transfers May be Transferring Risk to Beneficiaries,” we outlined our market-based measure of the creditworthiness of common Pension Risk Transfer (PRT) providers. Our article concluded that the large range of providers’ creditworthiness calls into question whether annuities of all PRT providers do indeed...

April 25, 2023

Diversification: How Diversifying is it Really?

To paraphrase Tolstoy,[1] market ascents resemble one another, but each swoon is unique in its own way. Above-trend inflation, record Fed tightening and the invasion of Ukraine all conspired to deliver the worst year for financial assets in more than a generation in 2022 (see Figure 1). Can we learn...

December 1, 2022

Exceeding Solvency Expectations for Multiemployer Pension Plans

A new analysis of the Final SFA Rule shows that plans receiving ARPA relief could surpass goals. When the Special Financial Assistance (SFA) provisions were originally published in 2021 by the PBGC as Interim Final Rules, it seemed unlikely eligible multiemployer plans would achieve the intended goal of maintaining solvency...

November 18, 2022

An Update to the Potential Economic Loss to Participants (ELP) of PRT Transactions

Year-end is often accompanied by an uptick in Pension Risk Transfer (PRT) transactions. Accordingly, we are updating our estimates of the potential ELP associated with commonly used insurers based on current (10/31/22) market pricing. We developed this methodology to aid fiduciaries who are responsible for choosing an insurer as part...

November 17, 2022

Look Beyond the Obvious Impact of Rising Interest Rates

As most plan sponsors are well aware, the rapid increase in interest rates year-to-date has significantly reduced the size of their defined benefit pension liability. The discount rate for an illustrative liability with a duration of 12 years increased from 2.71% (12/31/21) to 5.61% (10/31/22), resulting in a 28% reduction...

October 13, 2022

Pension Risk Transfers May Be Transferring Risk to Beneficiaries

Economic analysis reveals a 14% range in credit risk costs among nine Pension Risk Transfer (PRT) insurance providers. A pensioner’s benefit is fixed – they are not compensated for bearing the risk of lower quality insurers. With annual PRT transactions of approximately $40b, the disparity puts pensioners at risk of...

January 4, 2022

A Surprisingly Dull Update to Mortality Assumptions

The Update In October, the Society of Actuaries (SOA) released mortality Scale MP-2021, giving us another opportunity to quickly reflect on the impact of mortality assumptions on pension valuation and management. For all points on this chart, we have modified our own input assumptions since our last SOA mortality scale...

October 4, 2021

Getting Into the Right ZIP Code on Mortality Assumptions

NISA is excited to announce a collaborative effort with Club Vita to help plan sponsors get a better assessment of the impact of mortality assumptions on their pension plans. A formal press release on this will be issued in the next few days. This effort leverages the data and mortality...

NISA Multiemployer Collage scaled - concerning LDI

August 5, 2021

LDI Takes Center Stage for Some Multiemployer Plans

Executive Summary On Friday, July 9th, the PBGC released the interim final rules regarding the multiemployer Special Financial Assistance (SFA) program pursuant to the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. As mentioned in a previous publication, the program provides much needed relief to multiemployer plans and provides greater benefit certainty...

June 8, 2021

95 is the New 105: Why Plans Should Consider Accelerating Their Glidepath

Increased funded status, newly legislated funding relief and historical contribution credit balances have created clearer skies and calmer waters for plan sponsors as we look forward over the next several years – from a contribution perspective. What a difference a year makes. On March 31, 2020, the average corporate pension...

May 17, 2021

Much Needed Multiemployer Financial Assistance: But Don’t Count on 30 Years

Executive Summary The Special Financial Assistance (SFA) provisions of Sec. 9704 of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA) provides a needed lifeline to many multiemployer plans facing insolvency in the coming decade. Eligible multiemployer plans will be able to apply for direct financial relief in the form of a...

March 30, 2021

The Strategic Case for High Yield in Hibernation and LDI Portfolios

NISA has consistently argued that risk assets play a useful role in end-state/hibernation portfolios, in moderation. While every hibernation portfolio needs to be designed based on its specific circumstances, a reasonable starting point to consider would be a portfolio comprised of 20% return seeking assets and 80% hedge assets –...

March 1, 2021

What a Difference an Hour Can Make

Earlier this year, a change occurred with respect to fixed income security pricing that many service providers in the industry (e.g., custodians, recordkeepers, etc.) considered a relative non-event. However, the change actually has significant implications for managing fixed income against a chosen benchmark, portfolio valuation and manager evaluation. Specifically, on...

February 19, 2021

Another Extension of Funding Relief?

A few clients have asked us recently for our thoughts regarding the potential for additional funding relief for single-employer DB plans. While we certainly aren’t Washington insiders, our common reaction was that we did indeed expect relief because 1) relief provided under prior legislation is scheduled to begin phasing out...

February 11, 2021

Longevity Assumptions – Don’t Let Them Kill You

Around the office, we have found longevity to be an engaging topic. A conversation about expected lifespans can quickly attract a small gathering of people observing and participating in the dialogue. Why? One answer is that it could be very primal - people are genetically programmed to think about survival,...

October 5, 2020

A Very Normal World…of Interest Rates

Very little currently could be described as “normal,” but curiously (and perhaps surprisingly) we think interest rates have made the very short list of all things normal in 2020. In a recent Webinar, we discussed various market-based assessments of the potential future direction of interest rates. The data presented that...

July 2, 2020

The Dynamic Duo: Interest Rate Levels and Volatility

When volatility increases for a particular market (e.g., interest rates, credit spreads, or equity), the potential pain felt by the wrong move or satisfaction felt by the right move can be amplified. Over the last few months we have seen risk increase across a multitude of markets. Our last piece...

May 14, 2020

What a Difference a Decade Makes!

While the COVID-19 crisis is certainly new for everyone, heightened volatility, a declining equity market, falling rates and widening credit spreads are not. So although funded status has fallen this time around, as compared to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), plans have been better positioned to weather the storm. The...

April 7, 2020

Are Static Hedge Ratios Really Static?

Authors’ note: The timing of this piece may seem curious in these crazy times – specifically, a post that explores how “bond math” leads to increasing interest rate exposures in a low rate environment. We aren’t sure which reason is more appropriate to describe the timing; the fact that we...

March 24, 2020

Quick Post on Rebalancing

I know this is not the time for a long note on rebalancing theory and best practices. That said, current market conditions will make upcoming rebalancing challenging and expensive – maybe more so than at any time in memory. So here are the cold, hard facts. Each point has further detail...

December 18, 2019

Ignore Mortality at Your Own Risk

For the fifth year in a row, the updated Society of Actuaries mortality tables have reduced the size of pension liabilities: While this short note is becoming a little repetitive (as evidenced by our Groundhog Day movie reference from last year), it provides a good opportunity to highlight some key...

April 15, 2019

Two Alternatives in the End-state

Many plan sponsors find themselves in the fortunate position of approaching the end of their plan’s glidepath. Favorable market conditions and a contribution nudge from tax reform have made the end state appear on the horizon. This proximity to the finish line is certainly welcome and we expect plans are...

December 21, 2018

Groundhog Day Meets Mortality Assumptions

Perhaps it would have been more fitting if the Society of Actuaries published their updated pension mortality improvement scale, MP-2018, on February 2. (For readers unfamiliar with the 1993 movie, Phil (Bill Murray) is stuck in a time loop, reliving one particular day – Groundhog Day.) By our estimates, the...

September 27, 2018

Small Balances, Big Bias?

Small balance annuity buyouts have been increasingly popular in the last few years – and for good reason. Given the fixed PBGC premium1 charged per participant, these participants represent the most costly balances for a sponsor to carry2. NISA’s position on annuity purchases has long been that they are better suited...

July 26, 2018

Separating Annuity Buyout Fact From Fiction

Annuity Buyout In recent weeks we have read a handful of commentaries suggesting that pension plans should take advantage of a “window of opportunity” to complete annuity purchases with insurance companies. They argue that plan sponsors should increase annuity purchases and offer lump sums and even consider fully terminating their...

December 29, 2017

A Small Lump of Coal in the Discount Curve

‘Tis the season for both giving and receiving, and for pension plans it’s been an especially great season for receiving. Since the beginning of the year, equity returns are up 15-25% and the average pension plan’s funded status is up 4-5%.1 At the risk of sounding like Scrooge, however, we wanted...

December 18, 2017

Sharing an Interesting Analysis

Sometimes you come across a piece of analysis that is interesting enough to feel compelled to pass it on. I had this reaction while reading AQR’s recently published paper titled “The Illusion of Active Fixed Income Diversification,” which examined the excess returns of active bond managers and concluded that a majority of...

Does the size of a company's pensions affect its stock price?

May 25, 2017

Does the Size of a Company’s Pension Affect its Stock Price?

Summary We examined the statistics behind the claim that large pensions drag down a company’s valuation and accordingly how annuity buyouts allow a sponsor to remove this discount from their stock price. As you might have guessed, this conclusion rests on some erroneous assumptions and interpretations, and what makes for...

December 7, 2016

Equity Spread Duration is Bubbling Up

Summary In recent months we’ve observed that equity’s effective spread duration (ESD) seems especially pronounced—for example, the S&P 500’s ESD is currently about 25 years vs. its ten-year average of about 15 years. We thought it would be worthwhile to dig a little deeper to understand this dynamic. In a...

December 2, 2016

Make Funded Status Great Again (Again)

The ongoing equity rally and the rise in Treasury yields prompted us to revisit this analysis. Between yesterday’s close (December 1) and November 10, when we originally calculated these estimates, the yield of the 30-year Treasury increased 15 bps while the MSCI ACWI climbed 0.3% higher. As a consequence, plan...

November 11, 2016

Make Funded Status Great Again

It has been an interesting week. Regardless of your political leanings, Tuesday’s election seems to have already produced another unlikely winner: defined benefit plan sponsors. Between last Friday and yesterday (November 10), the yield on the 30-year Treasury increased 38 bps while the MSCI ACWI jumped 2.2%. This increase in...

October 20, 2016

The Topography of Pension Risk

Last week, we participated in the annual P&I Pension Settlements Strategies conference. We will share the full materials in an upcoming post, but I thought one exhibit was worthy of special attention. One key point in our presentation was that pensions are not inherently risky. Rather, asset allocation drives the...

June 8, 2016

There’s Beta in my Alpha! (Part 2)

I received some feedback asking whether the high correlation of managers both to beta and to each other applies to “Aggregate” managers as well. As a brief follow-up to the previous post, I thought I would share results we obtained from the eVestment Analytics database of managers benchmarked to the...

May 20, 2016

There’s Beta in My Alpha!

When I was a kid, being called different never felt like a good thing. Fortunately, with age I have come to realize that sometimes being different is good. With that in mind, I share this post - warning, the following is as close to marketing as we will ever come!...

January 4, 2016

The Great Migration Toward Fixed Income

Since the New Year is always a time for reflection, and we are pension geeks, we thought it would be interesting to take a look at how the biggest defined benefit corporate plan sponsors have shifted their plan allocations over the last decade. Using company filing data gathered for our...

December 17, 2015

Live (Less) Long and Prosper?

Working in the pension industry, it can be confusing to know which side to root for when new longevity projections come out. And when the Society of Actuaries released new mortality projections in October1 that predicted lower life expectancies than previously indicated, our reaction was decidedly mixed. While as human...

December 3, 2015

The Full Picture on Partial Buyouts

We hear annuity buyouts frequently discussed as a silver bullet to reduce pension plan risk. Whether buyouts are the right de-risking option was the main topic at the October Pension & Investments’ Pension Settlements Strategies Conference , which we cosponsored for the third year in a row. Judging by the...

March 6, 2015

Credit Where it’s Due

Finding the Right Corporate Bond Allocation with LDI Hibernation When de-risking with liability driven investing, pension plans must decide on the right blend of corporate bonds and Treasuries to hedge their liabilities. We look at the forces that can drive this decision and find that the mix of hedging bonds...

December 10, 2014

Pension Buyout Reality Check

How Actuarial Assumptions Cloud Perceptions of Annuity Buyout Pricing Recent annuity purchases highlight the need to examine what drives their pricing. Plan sponsor announcements that allude to “par” settlements relative to accounting values warrant a closer look at the plan’s actuarial assumptions before reaching any conclusions about the attractiveness of...

February 18, 2014

Cash on the Barrelhead

Comparing De-Risking Strategies from a Contribution Perspective LDI hibernation strategies may present an opportunity to de-risk at a lower expected cost and on a more flexible contribution schedule than annuity buyouts. Additionally, plans that have not yet de-risked may be surprised by how little their equity allocations reduce expected contributions,...

August 12, 2013

At the Crossroads

Many pension plan sponsors and fiduciaries are confronting perhaps the most important decision in the plan’s life – whether to pursue an internal de-risking strategy or pay an insurer to offload the liability. We highlight some key considerations for those faced with this choice, and explore the components of the...

April 30, 2013

Putting Longevity Risk in its Place

Pension plans run the risk that actual beneficiary lifespans can exceed those assumed in their liability projections. We estimate the risk to be about 0.4% annually in funded status terms. While longevity risk should not be ignored and can be managed, it is small relative to the market risks embedded...

January 30, 2013

Defining the Pension De-Risking Spectrum

Pension de-risking need not be an all-or-nothing decision. In fact, plan fiduciaries may be surprised by the degree to which pension risk profiles can be changed – marginally or materially – through asset allocation decisions and liability-driven investment (LDI) techniques. While annuity buyouts define the end point of the so-called...

January 6, 2013

The Credit Rating Impact of Pension De-Risking

By simply de-risking their pension plan, companies can realize most of the benefits of annuity purchases without incurring the upfront liquidity costs or committing to an irreversible decision. Along with the reduction in pension volatility, de-risking should improve credit ratings for some companies with large pension plans relative to their...

September 26, 2012

Pension Surplus Risk Index (PSRX^®) Overview

NISA Investment Advisors, LLC (NISA) is pleased to introduce the Pension Surplus Risk Index, or PSRX*, a forward-looking estimate of the funded status volatility of US corporate defined benefit pension plans. The index level represents a one standard deviation change in funded status over a one year horizon, based on...

September 26, 2012

Pension Surplus Risk Index (PSRX^®) Guide

Introduction Market indices serve as a barometer of market segment performance and are a means by which investors can evaluate strategies. Price-based indices which measure the value and performance of financial assets have been available for over 100 years. More recently, market participants have developed volatility-based indices to measure market...

July 31, 2011

An Overview of Dynamic Liability Driven Investing for Defined Benefit Pension Plans

Pension plans have used a variety of Liability Driven Investment (LDI) strategies for years. While an indispensable tool in our mind, traditional LDI strategies address only the interest rate risk within the pension plan. In this brief we introduce a more comprehensive platform, Dynamic LDI. The primary improvement Dynamic LDI...

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